Midtopia

Midtopia

Thursday, April 06, 2006

Islam's Reformation

I recently had an e-mail exchange with a reader who said that the problem facing the world today is Islam. Not radical Islam, not Islamic terrorists, but Islam itself.

He pointed out, correctly, that much of the violent behavior is justified by either the Koran or the Hadiths (collections of sayings and deeds attributed to Muhammad). His main thesis was that Islam is not a peaceful religion, it is a violent one, and thus cannot be accomodated; it must be opposed.

Even if you believe this, there are lots of reasons not to act on that belief -- not making instant enemies of the world's 1 billion Muslims, for example. I know moderate Muslims, so they do exist. Even "battle of civilizations" proponents should want such Muslims on their side, simply because it makes the battle more winnable.

But that's not the point of this article. What I'm reaching for here is historical context. I do not pretend to be a religious scholar, but this is what I see unfolding in Islam today.

Most major religions are born out of conflict and tribulation. Judaism arose from the beliefs of the wandering tribes of Israel; Christianity arose from the torture-death of a Jewish heretic and rabblerouser; Islam arose among the warring nomadic tribes of the Middle East. The notable exception to that rule is Buddhism -- which is also, not coincidentally, the most peaceful of the major religions.

Thus Jewish scripture is full of stories of conquering land, slaughtering enemies, condoning polygamy and slavery, and horrific punishments for violation of minor religious laws. Christianity, being an offshoot of Judaism, adopted those same stories, renaming them the Old Testament. And despite the New Testament being a modification or even wholesale replacement for the Old, the Old Testament is still cited on such matters as homosexuality and adultery, as well as when invoking the awesome power of God and the penalties for defying him.

Islam, too, contains a contradictory mix of violence and peacemaking, a product of the tribal culture it sprang from, as well as the practical realities that Muhammad straddled the secular/sectarian line. He founded a major religion, but he was also heavily involved in efforts to unite the tribes and turn their violent energies outward, into a conquering force that swept the region. It's no coincidence that the Koran is more forgiving and peaceful than the Hadiths. The task is trying to separate the words of Muhammad the prophet from the words of Muhammad the general and tribal nationalist.

Admittedly, it's more complicated than that. The Koran and the Hadiths are somewhat similar to the Jewish Torah and Talmud. One is the core religious text; the other is a collection of explanations and traditions. But in the case of the Hadith, the authenticity of many sayings is suspect, and as a result there are many different Hadiths. Reconciling them will be a major challenge. But the main point is that the Hadiths are less authoritative than the Koran.

From those usually violent beginnings, most religions seem to undergo a predictable growth arc -- from persecuted sect to evangelical expansion to established religion that persecutes its own sects in turn. At some point there is a schism among believers, which is either settled -- violently, for the most part -- or results in a split, such as the Protestant/Catholic split in Christianity or the Sunni/Shiite split in Islam.

Eventually a religion has to reconcile its violent, expansionistic origins with the reality of being part of the establishment. And that means repudiating the more extreme aspects of their origins. Hence no mainstream Christian denomination follows Jewish dietary law, even though Jesus was a devout Jew. No Jew or Christian thinks slavery is divinely approved, even though the Old Testament had no problem with it. Most of Leviticus has been discarded wholesale.

In addition, most religions discover that religion and secular power don't mix well, nor does intolerance and enforced orthodoxy. So over time most religions get out of the governing business, and allow all believers to follow their conscience. Christianity managed that trick just a couple of centuries ago -- and still hasn't shaken the impulse entirely.

Such growth didn't happen easily, and it didn't happen overnight. It takes a long time for a religion to mature. It's no coincidence that the oldest major Western religion, Judaism, is also the least evangelical and most tolerant; Jews resolved their major schism thousands of years ago. Christianity is younger, and resolved its contradictions just a few hundred years ago, although the effects linger in certain quarters.

Islam is the youngest of the three. I submit that what we are seeing today is Islam passing through the same painful adolescence that both Judaism and Christianity endured centuries ago.

Let's look at the timeline. Christianity was born in the 1st Century. The Reformation came 1,500 years later, and took a century of warfare to resolve -- and was preceded by centuries of religious warfare, such as the Crusades.

Islam was founded in the 7th Century. And now, 1,500 years later, it is at the same stage of development as Christianity was 600 years ago.

The parallels are striking. The 1400's began with the Spanish Inquisition, which eventually led to the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain. Elsewhere there was a brisk business in burning heretics at the stake, notably John Huss and Jerome of Prague, burned for spreading the writings of John Wycliffe.

This led to the rise of the Hussites, which in turn prompted the first interChristian Crusade, a 13-year war between the church and the Hussites that the Hussites won.

All this bloodshed merely laid the foundation for the Reformation, which would convulse the entire 16th Century in violence and horror. And religious wars also marked the 17th Century, notably the Thirty Years' War that began in 1618.

But Christianity emerged from all that a more mature religion. Split, of course, between Catholics and Protestants, but with armed force no longer a desirable option for enforcing orthodoxy. Two centuries of war had, quite simply, worn everybody out. They were ready to embrace tolerance if that was the price of peace.

And so it is, I believe, with Islam. We are unfortunate enough to be alive during Islam's bloody transition from its medieval origins to modernity. The good news is that eventually moderate theology should win the day: the more violent parts of the Koran will be devalued, and any conflict between the Koran and the Hadith will be resolved in favor of the Koran, since the Koran is God's word and the Hadith is not.

The bad news is that it could take 100 years or more, and the fallout and human cost could be very, very high.

There is reason for optimism. The world is not as backward a place as it was in the 15th Century. The West has learned the lessons of religious violence, and can serve as an example and guide for resolving Islam's internal conflicts. So while the Islamic Reformation is and will be violent, it can be expected to take less time than the Christian Reformation did.

Our job, therefore, is to encourage and support the moderate reformers while opposing and undermining the medievalists. It will take patience, money, intellectual firepower and an acknowledgement that it will proceed in fits and starts. But the entire world will benefit from Islam shedding its medieval past. If ever there was a project well worth undertaking, this is it.


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7 comments:

Anonymous said...

The real dilemma we face is not by what religion we follow, but how the media and politicians in our society or throughout the world want to portray others.It's a shame that we folow our own vain, spiteful, ignorancies, and stupidity towards others. We are notorious for being a human civilization yet we follow and conduct animal instincts and behavior. We all need to have a better understanding of each others beliefs, not generalizations. Praise to those who follow in peace. God is the best judge of things.

Noor Al-Amal said...

I Totally Agree With Dear Anonymous.

Excellent Words and opinion… you said what I wanted to say!

God Bless You !

Douglas said...

What you write is quite debatable, but accepting what you say for the sake of argument, who do you see is the Martin Luther of the Islamic Reformation?

Sean Aqui said...

What you write is quite debatable

No doubt. I hope to hear that debate.

but accepting what you say for the sake of argument, who do you see is the Martin Luther of the Islamic Reformation?

No idea. I'm not familiar with the major players in Islamic theology. But the basis of moderate Islam already exists, as practiced here in the States, for example. So I don't think there needs to be the equivalent of the 95 Theses; it is more a conflict between existing forms of Islam rather than the creation of an entirely new form of Islam.

Anonymous said...

The notable exception to that rule is Buddhism -- which is also, not coincidentally, the most peaceful of the major religions.

That is why we had Pol Pot, Ho Chi Min, Mao Che Tung, Genghis Khan, Hiro Hito. Although some of these are not personally Bhudists They came from societies that had huge Bhudist histories. Sri Lanka today is 60% Bhudist. Mian Mar is 100% Buhudist, The Viet Cong although communist by politic are largely Bhudist by religion. Yes Bhudism is a peacefull religion as is Christianity and Judaism, pity the practicioners aren't.

Sean Aqui said...

There are exceptions to every rule, of course.

But none of those you mention were Buddhist, IIRC (maybe Hirohito was, though I thought he was considered a god unto himself). Most were communists, and communism specifically rejects religion. Buddhism has almost never been used to justify mass violence -- the notable exception being Japan under Hirohito. But that was a deliberate coopting of Buddhism for nationalist purposes.

There have been attempts to square Buddhism with violence, notably through creative definitions of "self-defense." But it is still the most explicitly nonviolent of the major religions.

Uzair said...

Your Council of Trent idea and the notion that the Hadiths haven't already been examined for authenticity are ridiculous, for a variety of reasons. And the idea that because Islam is now as old as Christianity was when the Reformation happened is equally ignorant. You're confusing religion with theological oligarchy and the structures that express it.

I read another one of your articles where you're quoting Irshad Manji as a moderate Muslim who has ideas about Islam's reformation. Ms. Manji is widely rejected by Muslims as a spokesperson, having rejected pretty much all of the basic five pillars of Islam. She's a free thinker (which I certainly appreciate) and one whose views are valuable in their contrarian nature, but they are often poorly-informed and half-digested (witness the fact that her position on even the most basic matters constantly shifts).

I would advise you educate yourself as to the state of political Islam today, and study scholars with some measure of authority. Tariq Ramadan might be a good one.